Freedom of Speech Essay

In the United States we have many freedoms that we as citizens possess. Freedom of speech is one of the freedoms we enjoy. But what is the meaning of the word â€Å"freedom†, and how free is our speech? The word free, according to Merriam-Webster’s dictionary means: having the legal and political rights of a citizen. With this in mind, it does not mean that we have the right to do and say as we please. The First Amendment states: â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances† (The Constitution of The United States). The Citizens of the United States misinterpret the phase â€Å"Freedom of Speech† to suit their own needs and wants. In this essay we will discuss how our interpretation of our freedom is only a myth brought on by our selfish ways and thoughts and interpreted according to what we feel it means in the situations that fit best. The First Amendment has been interpreted by the Supreme Courts to only protect citizens in certain applications and situations and, not protect some companies and corporations nor does it offer to protect citizens of the United States from speaking against the government. Governmental agencies have twisted the first amendment to fit what the individuals of that particular agencies likes or dislikes, and their view of certain speakers. When the first amendment was written it was meant strictly for congress not to be able to make any laws to hinder our so called â€Å"Freedom of Speech†. The first amendment has absolutely no bearing on private of public laws that have gone into effect that limits what can or can’t be said. In the article â€Å"Can the FCC Shut Howard Stern Up† by Jeff Jarvis, he states that the FCC enforces rules that unevenly depending on who says a certain phrase. The FCC condemned Howard Stern for his explanation of sexual colloquialisms, but did not punish others’ references to â€Å"giving head† and â€Å"finger-banging your boyfriend† (Jarvis). The FCC has had its way with instituting censorship on the radio and television by threatening stations with gigantic fines for not complying with their agenda of what is allowed to be talked about or seen. At one point in time, FCC chairman Powell urged broadcasters –under threat of gigantic fines–to adopt a â€Å"voluntary† Code of Good Practices and stated â€Å"It would be in your best interest to do so. â€Å"Voluntary doesn’t mean voluntary†, more like volun-told (Jarvis). The censorship doesn’t apply only to the media either. Schools have jumped in on the band-wagon with trying to censor out what they feel is inappropriate for everyone else. In April 2004 at Poway High School in California a student wore a t-shirt expressing his views about homosexuality after the â€Å"Day of Silence† organized by a Gay-Straight Alliance club. The day of silence was designed to encourage tolerance. When the student was asked to remove his shirt or turn it inside out, he refused and was forced to spend the day in a conference room in the schools front office (Taylor, Kelly 2013). How does the school justify that his anti-homosexual shirt was any different than being forced to endure a full day of silence that was ok with the school? The student later sued the school (Harper v. Poway Unified School District). The courts upheld that the school officials are permitted to censor what students are allowed to wear and not allowed to wear. Another student in Ohio banned a shirt that the school officials found questionable. The shirt in question was a Marilyn Manson rock band t-shirt that depicted a three faced Jesus on the front and the word believe on the back with the letter l-i-e highlighted. The student believed his right to free speech had been violated when the school officials told him to change the shirt, turn it inside out or leave the school and be considered a truant (Schools Win Rights To Ban). The student lost his case against the school, even though the shirt did absolutely nothing to disrupt classes or learning. All it did was cause officials to strut their power to take away free speech and censor the kids. While some schools are busy trying to ban clothing and other things that it considers inappropriate or offensive, some schools are just plain banning everything whether harmful of not if they feel it is controversial. In an article by Denise Penn titled â€Å"Gay/Straight Clun Banned in Orange County, CA H. S. †, she describes a group of teenagers who tried to start a club dropped off an application in the school office. The principal wanted to approve the Gay/Straight Alliance club, went to the superintendent for guidance and it was taken out of her hands. The school board engaged in several delays and finally held a public forum about the club. The students endured antigay rhetoric at the forum (Penn). The students faced a panel that took an extremist position. The school officials done away with a program that provided counseling for at-risk students in elementary, middle and high schools, who were having adjustment problems in school. The counseling was provided by interns and cost the school district nothing at all and helped kids. It also took some of the strain off the teachers so they could concentrate on teaching and not on the troubled youths. The council ended the program because it â€Å"burdened the school to administer the program†. The censorship of speech is even taking hold of the political arena. The McCain-Feingold â€Å"Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act† criminalizes political speech in connection with political and even state elections (Roane). The law makes it a felony for a corporation, labor union, or non-profit advocacy group to criticize or even mention a member of congress in broadcast ads within 60 days prior to a federal election. It is now a federal crime for state and local candidates, officeholders and political parties to engage or participate in political speech that attacks or even supports candidates for federal office (Roane). If it is illegal to voice anyone’s opinion, then the government has taken away a big chunk of our freedom of speech to support or object to any candidate. It basically makes it illegal for anyone to place an ad on the radio or television to support them in any federal election. The law also dictates what money can be used for certain applications and also lessens the chance for newer candidates to be heard, unless they already have a name for themselves in the public arena. It basically guarantees already elected officials a better chance for re-election in future elections (Roane). The government is closing down on our freedom of speech slowly by instituting their power to censor our speech. Whether it is through the schools, limiting what any students can say or wear, or through banning clubs that school official think could be objectionable, or through the media outlets governed by another governmental agency. Our freedom of speech is being taken away from us a little at a time without us even knowing it.

Distribution of Product: Daing Na Bangus Essay

I.Products Boneless Bangus Boneless Bangus also known as â€Å"Daing na bangus† was one of the famous foods in the Philippines and it is one of the delicious and nutritious foods loved by most Filipinos. Fish like bangus contains proteins, fats, vitamins, calcium and iodine that is needed by our body towards a good and a healthy lifestyle. Through the process of deboning milkfish and marinating with vinegar and garlic, the product Daing na bangus became known in the country. Dagupan City is one of the famous sources of daing na bangus particularly Bonuan for its perfect and delicious taste. Daing can be served with plain rice or fried rice for breakfast, lunch, and dinner. They are readily marinated to a good taste that will surely be loved by the customers. Boneless bangus lasts for about ten (10) days up to two (2) weeks upon good preservation. If not, it will be perished. Daing are placed into packs that consist of three (3) medium pieces. The group gets the product by pack; usually the price from Dagupan is ranging from P75.00 to P80.00 per pack. The group sells them at P100 per pack so as to earn a reasonable profit. Source of the Product The product daing came from Magsaysay Market Avenue, Fernandez St. Dagupan City Pangasinan. It is quite far from Muà ±oz, Nueva Ecija that is why the transportation cost may lessen the profit that the group can be earned. Luckily one of the group member’s brother works there. During weekends he goes back to Muà ±oz to spend time with his family. The group asked him if he is willing to be the medium for delivery, so that the group can save a minimal amount of transportation cost. Fortunately he agreed upon the request of the group. From Dagupan market, daing na bangus is being transported in Muà ±oz, Nueva Ecija then the group distributes it to their customers. II. Why Product was chosen for Distribution? The group thinks of a food product that will be easily bought by the customers at an affordable price with nutrients good for our body. The group chose daing for distribution activity because the product is easy to market since it is affordable and considered as an all time-favorite by most Filipinos. It can be served in the breakfast, lunch, and even dinner time. The group also considers the source of the product; one of the group members has already a contact to the dealer of daing in Dagupan City that will surely deliver fresh daing at the time the customers needed the product. Selling perishable products takes difficulty for the distributors because they need to ensure that their products are still in good condition when it is delivered to final consumers. Perishable products need time, proper management, and proper handling upon selling to be able to guaranty customers that they will receive a good product. The group also wants to ensure that the consumers will be able to receiv e proper nutrients. III.Persons involved Tasks of the Group Members All group members performed equal tasks. The products are equally distributed to the group members and they are able to sold daing to their respective places, neighbors, friends, classmates and schoolmates. Other group members sold it directly in the market, canteens and stores. After experiencing selling individually, the group agreed to sell it as a whole. Starlet, being one who is responsible to contact her brother have done her part by informing him when and how many daing orders are going to be delivered to the group. She is also responsible for bringing the products to the group after she gets it from her brother. Maila have done her tasks successfully in distributing and selling daing. On the first order, Maila, being one of the members of the JBEES organization, asked help to the organization in distributing and selling bangus, they successfully sold out eighty (80) packs of daing na bangus. After that, she sells bangus by herself to gain profit as well as experience selling such product. She sold it to her family, neighbors, friends, and even professors in CLSU. Shekinah, another member of the group, have done her part successfully by selling daing not only to her family, neighbors, friends, and schoolmates but also to her churchmates and to stores near to their house. Jay-Ann sold her daing to her friends, classmates and boardmates. By means of connecting to other people, called networking, the group had fast distribution and sale. While selling daing, she also sold mushrooms on her own in order to have a high profit. Starlet uses her connections to other people in order to sell her products immediately; she sold bangus to her organization, family and friends. Chris John Paul also used his being a marketer. After he sold proportionate number of daing, he makes Maja Blanca on his own strategy and sold it to his classmates. After selling individually, the group agreed to help each other for faster distribution and sale. The group sells inside CLSU that is why it takes short period of time selling those products. The group went to Old Market and offered them the product. They also offered daing to the tricycle drivers inside CLSU and to the construction workers currently working in the hostel. About twenty workers bought the product and they really liked its taste that is why they bought another twenty pieces to the group. The group makes sure that their product, daing na bangus, are fresh and delicious. Before placing an order, the group has to make sure that they can dispose the product fast to maintain its good taste. If there are excess daing, the group puts it on a proper storage to maintain the good quality of the product. Reasons Why Tasks are done As part of the distribution activity the group members has to cooperate to the group. Each member did those tasks because they want to acquire more knowledge about selling products. They have to experience persuading customers to buy their products. They want to have a good communication to other people to easily sell and distribute their products. They did those tasks to be more trained and confident on dealing with different people in the near future. Also, they want to have profit from the selling activity. And most of all, they want to see themselves done those tasks successfully and confidently. IV. How Undertaken Duration of the Activity The selling activity started on June 28, 2010 and ended on August 23, 2010. V. Who were the customers and why were they chosen? The group members’ customers are their classmates, friends, professors, family, neighbors, nato tricycle drivers, and construction workers in CLSU. The group sold daing to their classmates since many of them are living on a dormitory, and boarding house. Their classmates commonly had problem thinking of their viand for their meals that is why some of them bought daing from the group. Since one pack of daing consists of three (3) pieces, they can share it to their board mates or roommates so that the cost will be cheaper. They also sold daing to their friends inside and outside CLSU. They spread the message about the product through the use of cellphone. If for some reasons their friends have no money, they will still find ways to endorse the product to their friends so that it will be more fast and easy for the group. The group, being persistent to their selling activity, sold their products even to their professors. Mostly, their professors are easy to persuade since most of them have their own family and they always think of a dish for their family’s dinner before they got home during afternoon. That is why they are easy to convince and they are familiar to the boneless bangus’ deliciously taste. During the first distribution, some of the group members bought daing for their family’s consumption. For them, it is really worth buying because of its taste and nutrients. Commonly, it can be served with a mixed tomato, onion and â€Å"alamang† or other vegetable dishes. It can also be served on breakfast with fried rice which commonly favored by most family members. Neighbors are easily reached by the members, most of them often stayed at their house that is why anytime, they could get the products. The nato tricycle drivers are quite hard to persuade into buying the groups product, daing, their main reason is their low daily income. The group exerted patience on persuading them until such time there are drivers who bought the product. The construction workers are currently working on CLSU hostel, upon convincing them they first thought of their salary because they usually get their salaries during Saturdays and we sell daing on weekdays. On that case, a deal has been made. The group sold daing to them on credit. The group could give the Boneless bangus to them upon delivery from Dagupan and so they are going to pay on the stipulated date. VI,. Approach to Customers Convincing people to buy â€Å"Boneless Bangus† is quite difficult for the group. Aside from the fact that the product is in good quality, delicious and affordable; a good approach to customers is highly important. First, the group introduced themselves as a marketing student and selling is part of the distribution activity as a fulfillment to their subject Marketing305. Second, they approached their customers politely and educate them about the product; where it is made and how it is being made. Their selling skills helped them easily dispose the products. They make sure that they are knowledgeable about the product they are offering, and have a good customer relationship to their buyers. These are the elements to have a successful selling activity. Benefits and Advantages of the Product Nowadays many people die from cancer, heart attack, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes, and other diseases because of their bad eating habits. That is why one must have to be conscious about their health. The product â€Å"Boneless Bangus† is nutritious that is rich in proteins, fats, vitamins, calcium and iodine. Nutrition experts say that protein from fish like bangus contains more of the essential amino acids needed to build and repair cells for the body. Aside from protein and iodine, fish also gives fat which is a source of heat and energy for work and play. Fat from fish is easy to digest because it has a low melting point. Calcium is also found in fish and this helps in body-building and regulating processes and is distributed evenly in the body. Vitamins B2 and B5, called niacin and riboflavin, respectively, are also contained in fish. These B-vitamins help keep the eyes and skin particularly in the mouth and nose healthy. Eating fish like boneless bangus will lessen the probability of having those kinds of sicknesses. Aside from that it tastes good because it is marinated with vinegar and garlic. It is also affordable and easy to prepare; for just P100 you can have three (3) medium pieces of boneless Bangus that is guaranteed fresh. The fact that daing na bangus is deboned, it will be easier and safe to eat especially to kids and adults.

African American Literatury Essay

African-American literature can be defined as writings by people of African descent living in the United States of America. The African-American literary tradition began with the oral culture long before any of the materials in it were written on. Throughout their American history, African-Americans have used the oral culture as a natural part of black expressive culture. They are very powerful voices that give fuller meanings to words on a page. The America South is an important landscape in African-American literature. The South was a primary port of entry for slaving vessels. Most black slaves remained in the Southern states. The South was an important place for the African-American literature because the South was served as the site of hope and change for the black slaves but there were also horrors. The majority of African captives entered the New World from the Southern ports and remained in the Southern states. They relied heavily on the African cultural heritage and belief systems familiar to them. During their 300 years of slavery and servitude, black slaves and their descendants developed a complex relationship with the South. Amiri Baraka concluded that the South is a part of the scene of the crime, a land that is about the site of hope and the scene of the crime. For many African Americans, the South serves as the site of hope and change. The South has given birth to many African-American cultural practices, such as literature. This is the spiritual and ancestral home for African Americans and plays a dominant role in African-American literature. Before the American Civil War, African-American literature primarily focused on the issue of slavery, as indicated by the subgenre of slave narratives The most noted authors were all incited and inspired by the goings on in the south. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important African-American authors from the literary landscape in the South. He chronicled his life from bondage to freedom in his Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, Written by Himself (1845), which helped the American public to know the truth about the institution of slavery and dismiss the myth that slaves were happy and treated well. He said, the South was not only a notorious site of slavery, it was also a landscape of racial terror and widespread violence. The biggest crime the South ever committed is the institution and perpetuation of slavery. But the Southern landscape is more than just the â€Å"scene of the crime† in African-American literature. It has multiple personalities that demand multiple treatments. Many 20th-century African-American writers, whether born and raised in the South or not, have used the southern landscape in their works to explore the complex relationships African-American communities have with the South. In her poem â€Å"Southern Song,† Margaret Walker (1915 – 1998) sings a praise song to the southern suns and southern land despite the â€Å"mobs† and â€Å"a nightmare full of oil and flame. † Southern Song I want my body bathed again by southern suns, my soul reclaimed again from southern land. I want to rest again in southern fields, in grass and hay and clover bloom; to lay my hand again upon the clay baked by a southern sun, to touch the rain-soaked earth and smell the smell of soil. I want my rest unbroken in the fields of southern earth; freedom to watch the corn wave silver in the sun and mark the splashing of a brook, a pond with ducks and frogs and count the clouds. I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest; no forms to take me in the night and burn my shack and make for me a nightmare full of oil and flame. I want my careless song to strike no minor key; no fiend to stand between my body’s soutnern song–the fusion of the South, my body’s song and me. Margaret Walker’s poem characterizes the complex literary representations of the South in a great deal of African-American literature, for the speaker at once basks in the beauty of her homeland (â€Å"I want my body bathed again by southern suns†). Yet at the same time experiences a homecoming complicated by the threat of Southern violence (â€Å"I want no mobs to wrench me from my southern rest†). The theme of the southern home and its layered history is a prevalent one throughout the tradition of African-American literature. In conclusion, 90 percent of African-Americans lived in the South, it is no wonder that this landscape has taken on a great deal of cultural and historical significance. Literature from the South is complex and often absurd, as the region emerges repeatedly as a site of home.

Film studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film studies - Essay Example These films are then presented to the world in their language, as if the film is spoken in English, the audience won’t relate to the same thought process as to what is really being depicted in the film’s native tongue. The foreign film award promotes a sense of awareness of other cultures and practices which differ from Hollywood mainstream practices. Â   To qualify for the award, one of the primary requirements is that the majority of the film is presented in a language other than English although this is not necessarily required to be the language of the country that produced it and must first be released in theatrical format in a country other than the United States. The significance of this is that language has a great deal to do with our perceptions of the world. Word choice is important in any language to convey the nuances of meaning intended by the author. When it is then translated into English for an English-speaking audience, much of this nuance can be lost. According to scholar Benjamin Whorf, language also works internally to shape thoughts and emotions to help us understand our own perception of reality (cited in Kilgour, 1999). By presenting these films in their native (meaning original) language, the Academy is fostering recognition that important thoughts and ideas are pursued in other countries as well as the United States and brings the focus of these films into the mainstream theater audience, who might otherwise have missed them. This is significant when one considers the impact of foreign films such as Life is Beautiful (1998), an Italian film directed by Roberto Benigni. In this film, the director (and star) illustrates the dichotomy between pre and post war Italy as it is seen in the lives of members of one family. The beginning of the film presents a comedic romance between the Jewish Guido and the love of his life, Dora up to a

Comparing Policies of UK and Germany Research Proposal

Comparing Policies of UK and Germany - Research Proposal Example (Hofmann 78) For short term visits to engage in non work business activities, U.S. citizens do not need a visa to enter Germany. For longer term work assignments on the other hand, Germany offers a broad selection of employment authorization visa categories. (Gunlicks 67) As is the case with Germany, U.S, citizens do not currently need to have a visa to travel to the United Kingdom (UK) for short business visits. The individual may remain in the UK for up to six months. However, the UK government recently announced that it is considering the introduction of a new business visa that would reduce a permission to remain from six months to three months. (Schulte- Peevers 92) The UK has a number of specialized programs available for various types of work such as; training and work experience, business entrepreneurs, highly skilled migrants; however, the workhorse option for most companies sending U. S. citizens to the UK is the work permit Scheme. Under this system, a work permit may be issued for up to five years. Work permits are generally issued only where the job requires relatively advanced skills and or experience, or where resident labor is unavailable. The work permit Scheme is divided into two tiers; Tier One and Tier Two. (Szarka 83) Tier One work permit applications are exempt from any requirement to recruit for the position within the European Economic Area (EEA), which consists of the 27 EU member states plus Iceland, Norway, and Liechtenstein. (Boehmar- Christiansen 84) Tier Two applications do not fall within the various Tier One categories automatically come within Tier Two. For Two workers, the employer must document that it conducted a recruitment search for the position and was unable to find a suitable employee from either the UK or EEA labor market. (Chick 100) With both Tier One and Tier Two applications, once the work permit has been issued, in most cases an individual will apply for entry clearance to the UK at the British Embassy in his home country. The individual may then come to the UK to take up the contemplated employment. (Goodman 87) Under Germany, good option for multinational corporations allows transfer of personnel to Germany if it can be shown that the German company has employees working abroad; allows for a replacement of these employees, so that if five German employees are working abroad, five employees can be brought into Germany; valid for one year; extensions available for up to three years; no labor market opinion required. (Hofmann 82) Short term assignments on the other hand allows persons to enter Germany for up to three months in any 12 month period for specific purposes; a good choice for persons responsible for software installation, machine delivery or equipment repair; no labor market opinion required. (Szarka 90) Moreover, U.S. citizens enjoy a privileged status in Germany; in special cases, a work permit may be issued regardless of the requirements above; a labor opinion is required. (Chick 105) b) Why different/ Similar Different since UK's work permit is divided into two tiers and once the work permit has been issued, the individual is required to apply for entry clearance to the UK at the British Embassy in his home country and thereafter he or she may come to UK to take up the contemplated employment thus inconvenient. (Schulte- Peevers 96) c) Which better, and

Business letter assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business letter assigment - Essay Example He is the kind of person who has hope in every individual he comes across. His philosophy dictates that we are all unique, able, and capable in our own rights. These among many others are the reasons why I chose to take my classes from Professor XXXX in the past. The ultimate aim of writing this letter is to let the Faculty Affairs Committee know that Professor XXXX is the best candidate for the 2012-2013 Outstanding Professor. In this respect, I hope that my nominee will clinch the George and Miriam Phillips Outstanding Professor Award and enjoy the $1,000 gift therein. This hope and subsequent nomination of Professor XXXX is driven by the following three main reasons: The teaching and learning environment is critical to the realization and achievement of the set academic goals and objectives. For students to maximize on their ultimate potentials, this environment has to be favorable, reliable, and effectively and efficiently managed. Failure to do this results in functional complications here and there, aspects that tend to derail the desired academic direction. In the light of Professor XXXX’s duties and responsibilities at the CSU East Bay, the teaching and learning environment stands enhanced and aligned with student needs. His ability to collaborate with numerous campus stakeholders makes this process much easier. Student welfare reflects both personal and academic aspects. In order to promote student welfare, both personal and academic factors/variables have to be accounted for. It is important to note that welfare is a broadly defined provision that encompasses different needs, issues, concerns, tastes, and preferences. Summing up and balancing all these aspects produces the welfare effect. Notably, this welfare effect is fundamental to students and the education fraternity in general. Professor XXXX is essentially influential when it comes to promoting student welfare. His ultimate interest is to have every student

Discussion 2 Week 5 Cost Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 2 Week 5 Cost Management - Assignment Example Accordingly, â€Å"The costs associated with cleaning up an oil spill are strongly influenced by the circumstances surrounding the spill including: the type of product spilled; the location and timing of the spill; sensitive areas affected or threatened; liability limits in place; local and national laws; and cleanup strategy. The most important factors determining a per-unit amount (either per-gallon or per-tonne) cost are location and oil type, and possibly total spill amount† (Etkin, 1999, p. 1). On the other hand, hiding the culpability now could mean deferment of the mentioned costs but would mean paying more in the future in terms of legal expenses associated with the chemical leak, especially to lives and properties that were affected. In addition, the negative image that the incident would generate for the organization could cost them their reputation and would even cause a significant loss in the financial condition of the organization. The fact is corroborated, as asserted: â€Å"those who have been affected by chemical leaks and spills, whether residents of the area or local business owners, may be entitled to financial compensation for the harm they have experienced. The at-fault industrial plant, oil company or other corporation may be held liable for the injuries and property damage the incident has caused† (Toxic Chemical Leaks & Spills, 2012, p. 1). Therefore, the delay in admitting the fault could cause greater damages which would be more costly for the organization in the long run because the same cleanup cost elements would be incurred, in addition to legal expenses and the damage to the reputation of the

Study of Efficient Market Hypothesis 04012 Essay

Study of Efficient Market Hypothesis 04012 - Essay Example ns that the bubbles in prices of assets are not possible nor does EMH deny that behavioural and environmental features cannot have deep influences on the required risk premiums and rates of returns (Timmermann and Granger, 2004). EMH declares that shares are constantly traded at their reasonable value, therefore making it impracticable for the investors to purchase the undervalued shares or sell shares for overstated or inflated prices (Borges, 2010). According to this, it may be impossible for the investors to outperform the entire market through market timing or expert share selection. So, the only means for the investor to receive higher or advanced returns is through buying riskier investments. There are three forms of efficiency i.e. weak-form, strong and semi-strong form of efficiency (Morningstar, 2015). In the efficiency of weak-form, it is not possible to predict the future price by analysing the past prices and the surplus returns cannot be received by employing the investment strategies which is based on the historical data (Gupta and Basu, 2011; Moustafa, 2004). In the semi-strong efficiency, stock prices are adjusted to the publicly accessible new information (Ma, 2004). However, the technical o r fundamental analyses are not able to consistently produce surplus returns. In the efficiency of strong-form, share prices reveal all information, private and public and no individual or company can earn surplus returns (Chau and Vayanos, 2008). The most influential argument against EMH is that the securities markets have frequently experienced excessive bubbles. When the market bubble exploded, internet associated stocks lost almost 90% of their value. The related mispricing of securities which are mortgage-backed had excessive consequences for the financial institutions as well as for the economy of entire world. Critics have deemed these incidents to be evident cases of the market inefficiency. The continuation of bubbles in the prices of assets is

The effect of dividends on stock price Coursework

The effect of dividends on stock price - Coursework Example You must also have -a run of consistent good luck. Sudden wealth and big windfall gains depend more on luck, less on skill and knowledge. J. Paul Getty1 was -one such outstanding example. He became the world's richest man and accumulated a vast fortune of over U.S. $ 2 billion but it took him over fifty years of consistent and steady investing to do so. It would be useful for you to ponder over what he says: "Get-rich-quick schemes just don't work. If they did, then everyone on the face of the Earth would be a millionaire. This holds true for stock market dealings as it does for any other form of business activity. Don't misunderstand me. It is possible to make money and a great deal of money-in. the stock market. But it can't be done overnight or by haphazard buying and selling. The big profits go to the intelligent, careful and patient investor, not to the reckless and overeager speculator." (Navjot 57) In the investment market, the heart of the investment process consists of selection, timing, and price. It is all a question of selecting the right company, buying shares in it at the right time and price, and subsequently selling them at the right time and price. ... That will depend on the following four factors: (i) The amount of money you initially invest; (ii) The period over which the money is invested; (iii) The rate at which the invested capital appreciates in value; and (iv) The income you receive from your invested capital during this period. Therefore, to achieve investment success you should keep these four factors in mind while taking decisions on selection, timing and price. But this is not all. Successful investing goes for beyond selection, timing and price. It involves the setting of personal investment objectives, formulating an investment plan and adopting a suitable investment strategy. The overall objective of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make of every investor is to make money. To go further, it is to make money at a rate that beats the rate of inflating. In other words, the board objective of all investment is to increase, or at least preserve, the purchasing power of invested capital. For a successful investor it is necessary to have a well-defined plan, backed by a carefully conceived investment strategy. This will help you to keep your impulses under control and reduce the subjective element in your investment decisions. A good investment plan is by itself not enough to guarantee investment success. Sometimes, even the best investment plans have flaws, and go awry when implemented in practice. But the fact that you have a plan will stack the odds in your favor and give you a fair chance to win. A well-conceived plan will improve your average results and raise your general level of performance. INVESTMENT PRINCIPLES The art of successful investment rests on the foundation of certain basic principles, which generally hold good for all times and places. Moreover, these

Professional Weight Trainer Essay Example for Free

Professional Weight Trainer Essay Primarily, to be a professional weight trainer, one must be equipped with the proper characteristic needed for the profession, one must also be knowledgeable of the important facts that a professional weight trainer should know. Therefore, it is not just about being a muscle man but also about having brains right enough to teach their trainees. A professional weight trainer must be skilled with the body system. They must know how the various muscles in the body work; must also be knowledgeable with the various bodybuilding techniques. They must also be fully familiar with the facts on diet and nutrition before they set about of becoming a professional weight trainer.   A good professional body builder should recommend to their trainees depending on their age to do some test as a general check-up before starting on the regime. This is very important to see if the trainee has some cardiovascular disorders, which disqualifies them to proceed with the training (Erstad Family Medicine). Moreover, a professional weight trainer must consider not only the general health of the trainee as previously mentioned but also the resistance of the trainee to exercise and the science of the muscular system of the body during the physical work out. The knowledge of teaching the methodologies of basic training is also important for trainers to possess. Finally, patience and perseverance is what it takes to be a professional weight trainer. It takes a lot of patience especially when the trainee has not met its progress; perseverance is always a virtue. The following is an outline of the things that a professional weight trainer needs to  consider: An outline on what it takes to be a Professional Weight Trainer: I. Education on how the body functions A. The muscle structure and function II. Diet and Nutrition A. Importance of Water III. General Health Consideration IV. Proper Values A. Patience and Perseverance I. Education on how the body functions A. The muscle structure and function Our bodies all have different percent and numbers of muscle fiber types and motor units. It is important that trainers know that the three classification of fiber types and motor units function differently: 1). the ‘red slow twitch’ fibers that have substantial energy storage while possessing little in the way of strength; 2). the ‘red fast twitch’ fibers possessing an equal measure of both energy and strength; 3). are ‘white fast twitch’ fibers possessing substantial strength while maintaining little in the way of energy storage (Anderson How to build muscle base on your body type). They may have similar structures but these fiber types occur in varying proportion from individual to individual through genetic predisposition. Therefore, if an individual possess a greater percentage of one of the fiber types will be more inclined to excel in activities, which require strength and endurance. For example, those having more white fast twitch fibers will likely experience greater success in achieving size and strength increase while those individuals with more red fast twitch fibers will likely perform best in incremental events requiring some degree or combination of strength muscle endurance. Moreover, those having more red slow twitch fibers will likely perform best in events demanding muscular and aerobic endurance (Anderson How to build muscle base on your body type). II. Diet and Nutrition If the client is on a high protein diets, large quantities of water must be consumed in to remove ammonia and urea toxins. Dieters are urged to drink a gallon of water or more per day to pass urea and in order to avoid dehydration, constipation, and abnormal heart rhythms. According to the American Kidney Foundation, high protein diets can cause kidney scarring, because of the extra waste that has to be processed. Furthermore, according to the American Heart Association, the diet should be15 to 20 percent protein and only 10 percent of all fats from saturated sources ( Kelly 15). A. Importance of Water Water maintains body temperature and let 50% of all chemical reactions to happen in the body. It is also responsible for the movement of nutrients, digestion, absorption, circulation, and the excretion of wastes.   Body temperature and heart rate increase during periods of dehydration. You can easily reduce all of these potential health threats by simply getting into the habit of drinking more water, at least 8 to 10 glasses daily (Kelly 25). What makes us thirsty then? Sodium is responsible for fluid retention and holds the key to why we thirst. When fluids are lost and sodium remains, there is a steady increase in the concentrations of sodium in the blood. When the concentration reaches a certain level, the thirst centers in the brain are signaled to create the sensation of thirst. Upon the ingestion of additional fluids, the sodium concentration is reduced down to acceptable levels shutting down the thirst center in the brain (Darcy 150). III. General Health Consideration The overall all health condition of the client must be first assessed to avoid any further complication. A general check-up with a doctor is needed to see if the client is suffering from a cardiovascular disorder, which if not detected may lead to serious health risks. It must the prerogative of the trainer to know the age of the client that he will be training for him to assess which kind program is appropriate for that particular age. It will then be also beneficial to the client because the chosen program will be right for him and he will not have a hard time reaching his weight goals (Klein Little Big Men). A trainer must aware of the two main categories resistance exercise routines. Resistance routines that are considered a circuit or a split, and routines that are goal oriented. The term â€Å"circuit† means that all major muscle groups are being worked during a single exercise session, with this pattern repeating itself some number of times. Therefore, the choice of the type of exercise that constitutes circuit is discretionary, as long as the circuit requirement of total musculature involvement is met (Kelly 50). IV. Proper Values Most importantly, a professional weight trainer must possess good values like patience and perseverance in teaching their clients the methods of weight training. It is a very important factor especially when dealing with very demanding clients. In times when the clients do not meet the progress, they expect from the training. It could be a very hard time for them pushing their bodies to work for them. The professional weight trainers must therefore, observe the proper discipline order that their clients will be able to follow as a good example including the virtue of patience and perseverance must be taught to them. Conclusion Being a personal fitness trainer takes a lot of discipline and proper knowledge. It is really quite simple but very challenging. Their career means freedom. They are free to choose the number of clients they want to work with. In this case, they are able to individualized attention they need; they choose your work schedule so they can balance life commitments with work; and they choose their place of employment, whether it is at health clubs, spa resorts, medical facilities or with sports teams (MacDougall 30). Improving their health and body is also part of their job. Nevertheless, the most important thing better than improving their own quality of life is improving someone elses quality of life, helping their clients lose weight, build strength, gain confidence and improve their overall health is the greatest satisfaction. This job is also available in step aerobics, sports conditioning, kickboxing, boot camps, intensive abs and a number of other classes that add variety to my life as a personal fitness trainer. Therefore, in this type of career, there are unlimited growths of opportunities because of growing health concerns nowadays. This profession is in high demand. They are the boss of their own company (MacDougall 30). Since, they are all too familiar with the benefits of exercise they could promote regular participation in a fitness routine that involves elevation of the heart rate and strengthening and toning the muscles. Another benefit of becoming a professional weight trainer is the flexible schedule!   Whether they decide to be their own boss and start their own business or go to work for an existing gym. This gives them a great deal of flexibility, allowing them to work their schedule around family, friends or hobbies.

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay The wing design of a Micro Air Vehicle is to be designed to aid in the assessment of earthquake damage. The MAV is required only to be powered by an electrical motor, limiting flight time and endurance/range, and must be able to fly to the scene quickly and efficiently. Therefore, the analysis of the wing structure is two-fold: 1) having an efficient wing design for cruise (faster) flight and 2) having an effective loiter (slower flight) wing design. The main methodology in ensuring the optimal wing structure would be to design two aerofoils with an actuator which will morph the wing dependant on the different requirements. The software package DESFOIL, on the University of Sheffield intranet, is considered a friendlier user interface for the original XFOIL package created by MIT Professor Mark Drela to aid in the understanding of low speed aerofoil flow solution. However, since XFOIL contains a less than friendly interface, DESFOIL, a MATLAB based software, creates a friendlier user interface, enabling aerofoil analysis to be more easily understood. NACA Aerofoils Since NACA aerofoils will be the predominant choice in attaining the aerofoils for our MAV, this section will concentrate on providing a breakdown on the key aspects of such aerofoils. The 4 digits associated with the NACA aerofoil provide information as to the physical structure of the aerofoil. The four digits are broken up as such The first number offers information about the maximum camber as a percentage of the chord length. The second digit provides information as to the position of this maximum camber as a function of the overall chord length (in tens of units) The final two digits provide information on the maximum thickness of the aerofoil as a percentage of the overall chord length, as a percentage. Thus, it can easily be seen that the chord length is pivotal in determining the correct NACA aerofoils. Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre Other important aerofoil characteristics are the centre of pressure and aerodynamic centre. If we consider them individually, we can attain a clearer picture of their importance. Starting with the centre of pressure, it is known that the positioning of this point changes with lift, namely it moves towards the leading edge as lift increases. However, using this same theory, it can be understood that this centre of pressure can move outside of the aerofoil geometry. More specifically, at low levels of lift generation, the pressure centre can be behind the aerofoil. Such a parameter is important to understand since it allows for trimming of the potential aircraft on which the aerofoil will be mounted. The centre of pressure can be calculated using calculus provided a pressure distribution is understood. Since we are dealing with a distribution, the length of the chord becomes increasingly important and it is normal to talk about the pressure as a function of chord length, generally starting with the leading edge. The aerodynamic centre contains a more direct link with the stability of the aircraft/aerofoil. The aerodynamic centre is the point on the aerofoil where the pitching moment of the aerofoil is independant of the angle of incidence. Understanding of this point is crucial due to its large contribution to the balancing and therefore stability of the aerofoil/ aircraft. Since the majority of aerofoils which will be considered within this journal are cambered, it is interesting to note that the aerodynamic centre is approximately situated at a point  ¼ of the chord length. Drag When considering drag, the main thought is of a retarding force to motion in a certain direction. The relationship is simple; the greater the drag (retarding) force, the greater impedance on motion. From an aerofoil design point of view, we wish for such force to be as minimal as possible since a lower retarding force allows faster speeds (longer endurance and/ or range) and more efficient flight. To understand more about drag, we need to understand more about the different components of the force. If we can understand the forces main constituent parts, this may help us lower the drag our aerofoil experiences. The drag force can be broken up into several different components. Some of these are Parasitic drag Lift induced drag As we will later calculate, the lift our aerofoil produces will vary depending upon which flight attitude regime we are in i.e. loiter or cruise, and thus the drag each regime experiences will vary. Since this is important in understanding how the aerofoil will react to regime changes, the lift induced drag will be looked at more closely within this analysis. The concept of parasitic drag is broken into many different parts. Such constituent parts include skin friction and pressure drag. The concept of skin friction comes about due to the interaction of fluid molecules contacting the surface of the aerofoil, bringing local wall shear stresses into consideration. It can thus be seen that the faster the motion of molecules past the aerofoil, the larger wall shear stress. The skin friction coefficient shares an inverse parabolic relationship with the speed of the aircraft The contribution from pressure drag will be considered in terms of flow separation points further into this report. Such drag will take precedence in the analysis of drag within this report since it provides a more rigorous depiction of the drag at different angles of attack and different DESFOIL accuracy parameters (panel number). Since DESFOIL offers only this type of drag, it will be assumed that this pressure drag is the overall coefficient of drag, when discussing analysis of graphical data. This is a reasonable assumption since the drag values and pressure distributions compliment each other. Furthermore, since we will later consider the 3D effects of the aerofoil, it is important to note that there will be different drag factors which will increase the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil. A major form of drag which the aerofoil will experience while in flight is the vortex drag, more specifically the drag due to the mismatch of pressure along the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil. More specifically, this drag arises due to an overspill of high pressure on the lower surface of the aerofoil to the upper surface, which is abundant in low pressure areas. Thus as the aerofoil moves through the fluid, in our case air, this overspill will manifest itself into tip vortex, increasing the drag experience by the aerofoil. Thus, although only drag will be termed in this journal, there may be separate underlying factors involved. 3D and 2D Calculations Although DESFOIL is only applicable to 2D aerofoils, adjustments can be made such that the results from DESFOIL can be used within 3D situations. Since we are designing an actual aerofoil, such considerations need to be taken into account, and are during the later parts of this journal. The importance of using such a program lays in its simulation of the aerodynamics the aerofoil experiences. Therefore, using such a program allows the possibility to determine what coefficient of lift (or, 2D and 3D analysis respectively) and coefficients of drag, subscriptd, or D accordingly, are needed for optimal flight. As we will determine in this report, optimal coefficients will be calculated and a wing structure designed accordingly. Design Brief The following reading is an analysis of the software package DESFOIL on the suitability of difference NACA 4 digit aerofoils on an MAV of certain design specifications. These include Cruise Speed, = 15 Loiter Speed, = 8 Wing Area, S = 0.13 We will assume a rectangular planform for our aerofoil. Furthermore, we will assume the aerofoil as the main form of lift, i.e. neglecting fuselage, tail plane or rudder lift generation Wing Characteristic/ Structure Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force that a surface produces in the presence of a perpendicular velocity vector. Since lift is defined as a force, , we can assume that lift is some function of the density of the medium it is produced within, , the size of the object producing such a force, , and the before mentioned velocity, Therefore, (1) Where x, y and z are unknown parameters defining the relationship outlined in the equation. Through dimensional analysis we can deduce the values of such unknowns. (2) (3) In terms of lift forces, the constant of proportionality is termed the coefficient of lift, deriving the lift equation (4) It is also possible to consider a more rigorous analysis of the coefficient of lift taking into account symmetrical and cambered aerofoils, which yield and respectively. However, such equations only apply to thin aerofoils and since the thicknesses of the aerofoils are unknown in this assignment, the generic formulae will be used. Similarly, derivation of the drag forces can yield an equivalent drag version of equation (4). (5) To deduce our optimal lift coefficient, we will assume the lift generated will equal the weight of the aircraft, a reasonable assumption when considering straight and level (cruise) flight and the loiter regime. Therefore, the lift coefficients can be calculated for the respective flight conditions (6) Equation (6) yields a cruise coefficient of lift of 0.285, while similar analysis for loiter conditions yields a lift coefficient, of 1. Since we are initially more concerned with the wing aerodynamics with respect to wing structure (aspect ratio), we will consider the induced drag, , whereby, (7) Where e is the Oswald efficiency of the aerofoil, a correctional factor added since the wing shape differs from the elliptical wing used for the derivation, and A is the aspect ratio, calculated by the length to width ratio. To select the best aspect ratio for our aerofoil, the induced drag variation with aspect ratio changes is shown in Figure 1. It can easily been seen from Figure 1 that an aspect ratio of 5 would be acceptable since there is negligible variation in terms of the two dimensionless concepts. However, if we consider this in terms of the actual MAV, an aspect ratio of 5 would yield a span of 0.8m and a chord length of 0.16m. Evidently, while this is the longest and thinnest allowed in this particular investigation, possible structural problems may occur. However, if we consider the capabilities of the aircraft, there are advantages too. As Figure 1 has shown the induced drag in flight would be decreased, enabling better endurance and longer range. The structural instability could be overcome by careful selection of materials and designing of the structure. Thus, although problems may arise from such an aspect ratio, these problems can be overcome and do have their own advantages. Such data allows calculation of cruise and loiter Reynolds number and Mach number to be calculated. Figure 1: Induced Drag and Aspect Ratio relationship (8) (9) Similarly, and. Panel Number Since DESFOIL is the primary tool in determining which aerofoil will be used and its aerodynamic characteristics known, it would be wise to research the capabilities of the software and which system (panel number) to use to ensure the results obtained are of relevant accuracy. Another important aspect of using DESFOIL is the time taken for results to be determined. This will be analysed next. If we consider the effects of panel number on the lift, drag and pressure distribution respectively, we can clearly see a relationship shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Considering an angle of incidence of 10 degrees, it is evident to see that the most accurate results come about with the higher panel numbers. Since the maximum panel number within DESFOIL is 280, it would seem this would be the optimal choice. However, upon closer analysis, it is the time taken for such accurate results to come back from the software, which is of greater importance. For example, a panel number of 280 will provide the most accurate answer, but also take the longest to deduce. Therefore, if we consider the (negligible) variation of values, we can deduce that a panel number of 180 is significantly lower, thus, allowing quicker results, but still retains a high level of accuracy. For example, for the lift coefficient, 180 yields 1.0012, while 280 yields 1.0028. Thus the accuracy difference is negligible. Figure 2: Variation of Lift with different panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Figure 3: Variation of Drag with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil When analysing the pressure distribution, fewer panel numbers were considered, since the graphical representation would have become severely hard to differentiate between the different graphs. On the other hand, the before mentioned negligible differences is perhaps clearer in Figure 4. With the panel number at 280, the pressure distribution is most smooth, allowing finer details to be seen, which would otherwise be lost in lower panel numbers. Thus, a panel number of 180, the lowest without losing significant accuracy, is optimal. Figure 4: Variation of Pressure Distribution with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Reynolds/ Mach number So far, we have considered only the cruise aspect of the MAV. Since the aircraft will experience loitering stages also, analysis must be considered into different Reynolds and Mach numbers. Both of these are necessary in understanding the aerodynamics of the aerofoil since they both alter the way in which the aerofoil will react to airflow. For example, consideration of transition points, the onset of turbulent flow, boundary layer thickness and laminar flow needs to be understood to optimise the aerofoil design. Therefore, changes in the behaviour of the aerofoil/ airflow must be modelled and simulated within DESFOIL. For further understanding of such phenomenon, XFOIL will be used to pictorially show the effects of Reynolds number and Mach number on boundary layer, amongst other sets of information. More specifically, larger Reynolds and Mach numbers will be taken into consideration to visualise compressibility effects. To observe such results, i.e. how changes in density with regards to the pressure distribution, comparisons will be made to show how the compressibility effects (large Reynolds/ Mach number values) alter the characteristics/ performance of the aerofoil. An angle of attack of 10 degrees was considered when undertaking the computations in all examples. Incompressibility/ Compressibility Effects Figures 5 and 6 visually show the variation of the boundary layer with a high Reynolds and Mach number. If we consider Figure 5, we can see the specific values of coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment at the angle of attack mentioned before. Another helpful mode shown within Figure 5 is the description of the change in boundary layer over the length of the chord of the aerofoil. This pictoral view shows the general formation of turbulent flow from laminar flow. As will be seen later in the report, there is a relationship between the boundary layer thickness and the Reynolds number. This relationship is important to note since a thinner laminar boundary layer ensure lower drag. Again, this concept will be further investigated later. Figure 5: XFOIL graph showing pressure distribution along aerofoil Figure 6: XFOIL graph showing variation of other aerofoil characteristics Reynolds Number Mach Number Cl Cd lift/drag 1000000 0.4 1.083 0.01965 55.13 169412 0.04 1.0266 0.03469 29.59 90353 0.024 0.9415 0.05289 17.8 Figure 7: How lift and drag vary with different Reynolds and Mach numbers From Figure 7, we can see the direct impact the differing Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers have on the generation of lift and drag. Quite clearly, as the Reynolds/ Mach number decreases, so does the coefficient of lift, and thus lift generated. Also of significant importance is the increase in drag with decreasing Reynolds/Mach number. Due to these variations, the lift to drag ratio also decreases. However, it is important to note that the results are non-linear. This non-linearity can be explained from the transition from incompressible flow to flow whose density changes with respect to the pressure distribution. Thus, such characteristics cannot be extrapolated or calculated; they must be experimentally defined, or computationally simulated, since consideration of compressibility effects adds complexity to calculations. Boundary Layer Analysis Although there is little difference between the values of lift coefficients (in the first two examples), there seems to be a drastic difference between the lift: drag ratios. Since the coefficients of lift are similar, varying by less than a magnitude of value, the only possible change must come from the drag experienced on the aerofoil. Experimental data, treating the aerofoil as a flat plate, shows that as the Reynolds number increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases, shown in Equation (10). (10) Thus, a decrease in the Reynolds number causes a larger boundary layer around the aerofoil, which in turn causes a greater disturbance to the free stream air. Since the boundary layer cannot handle a large adverse pressure gradient without separation, the higher values of Reynolds number cause separation earlier, even though they have thinner, boundary layers. This is due to greater adverse pressure gradients which are responsible for the larger values of lift coefficients attained. The separated flow causes larger amounts of drag, which is obviously undesirable, since the flow is no longer uniform along the chord. Once the pressure gradient exceeds a critical point, the boundary layer will separate from the aerofoil, therefore reducing the magnitude of the pressure gradient, reducing lift generation. Therefore, the lift: drag ratio decreases as drag will increase upon separation. The drag experienced at higher Reynolds numbers is still considerably smaller than the drag experienced at lower Reynolds numbers due to the thickness of the boundary layer. Although separation of the flow is a factor with regards to drag, the boundary layer thickness, as seen in Figure (7) using Equation (10), is a larger factor. Since this separation point (transition from laminar to turbulent flow) is an area of interest with regards to the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil, Figure 8 shows the movement of such a point with regards to the Reynolds number. The black lines only show the separation points on the upper surface of the aerofoil since this is the surface of most interest. Figure 8: Transition point. 1) Re=1000000, M=0.4 2) Re=169412, M=0.04 3) Re=90353, M=0.024 At this point it is important to note that the DESFOIL parameters were changed to ensure a completely accurate result from the simulation. To ensure the accuracy was maximised, the transition detection was 100% the length of the chord, and not simply the default 20%. This allowed DESFOIL to look throughout the whole length of the chord for the transition/ separation point as opposed to the default 20%. As we can see, for the same angle of attack, the higher Reynolds/ Mach numbers cause the separation point to be significantly closer to the leading edge. Similar XFOIL graphs were constructed as that in Figure 6 for the other Reynolds/ Mach numbers. From Figure 6, we can see that at an angle of attack of 0 degrees, there is a separation point at 0.637, i.e. 63.7% away from the leading edge as a function of the chord length. When the Reynolds number is 169412, this separation point is 91% as a function of the chord length, while the loiter Reynolds number remains laminar at 0 degrees angle of attack. Geometries If we consider other three dimensional geometries with respect to the drag each produces, we can understand why an aerofoil is an optimal shape in terms of reducing drag. Figure 9: Drag values for various 3D geometries If we consider streamlining any given shape, we can possibly reduce the amount of drag experienced, as shown in Figure 9, by an order of magnitude. For example, if we consider the sphere, hemisphere and teardrop shapes, although all have the same frontal geometry, it is the streamlining of the teardrop which contributes most to a significant reduce in drag, due to the prolonged attachment of the airflow. Since the airflow after the sphere/hemisphere is suddenly separated (due to the non gradual geometry behind the shape), there is a significant amount of drag experienced. This is why Figure 5 depicts such a prolonged attachment of the airflow, only becoming separated towards the trailing edge of aerofoil. To further reinforce the advantageous effects of streamlining, Figure 10 shows the geometrical differences which can be obtained with intelligent streamlining. Figure 10: Two different geometries with the same aerodynamic drag force Lower Aerofoil Surface Another important feature found from graphs similar to Figure 5 highlights the relationship between the angle of attack, Reynolds/ Mach number and flow over the lower wing section. It was found that at lower Reynolds numbers, the flow is relatively laminar across the length of the chord length. This makes sense at high angles of attack since the underside of the aerofoil has a larger wetted area. Possible further investigation and research may lie in determining the flow over the lower surface of the aerofoil in negative angles of attack. Perhaps such an investigation will help understand the landing/ descending section of a flight path. It may be interesting to learn whether separation points play such a major role on the lower surface as they do on the upper surface, in terms of lift and drag. Such understanding can provide insight into painting a complete picture of the airflow surrounding a wing. Furthermore, since a NACA0012 aerofoil was considered giving all the results mentioned previously, changes in airflow with varying NACA aerofoils could help determine a more complex relationship. For example, as thickness, camber and camber position change, how does the transition point vary on the underside of the aerofoil? Such variations are made within the next section with regards to the overall lift and drag. However pressure variations could be conducted in a similar fashion. Designing using DESFOIL Since DESFOIL allows the user to design, test and evaluate their own chosen design (one of the many reasons it was chosen for undertaking of this particular investigation), it is important to understand how the different parameters affect the aerofoil characteristics. From this, we can deduce what the optimal aerofoil for our application could be. Furthermore, it allows for reinforcement of aerodynamic theory into the reaction of airflow over changing geometries of aerofoils. This could be seen as a measurement of DESFOILs accuracy in its simulations. If its simulation results were to vary from known aerodynamics, then the softwares validity would be questionable. Throughout the analysis, therefore, the aerodynamic theory will be called upon to explain the results given from DESFOIL. Since the software allows for three different design features, it was deemed necessary, to gain a full understanding, to adjust and examine one parameter at a time and comment on the results obtained. Since different values of lift were optimal for the different stages within our flight path, both the cruise and loiter conditions were looked at. From the template aerofoil NACA0012, the thickness was the first parameter to be changed. Figures 11 and 12 below graphically shows the variation in lift and drag over the four different aerofoil thicknesss chosen. Cruise Conditions Figure 11: Lift variation with different NACA aerofoils thicknesses Figure 12: Drag variation with varying thicknesses Firstly, the cruise conditions will be investigated. As we can see from the figures above, the thickness of the aerofoil plays an important role in determining such characteristics as stall angle and maximum coefficient of lift. If we consider both graphs simultaneously, we can deduce the thicker the aerofoil, the greater the values of lift can be obtained. This is shown with the increase in coefficient of lift values from 12% thickness to 15-21% thickness. This is down to the curvature of the aerofoil being the main form of lift generation, i.e. the more curved (thicker in this instance since camber position is constant) the aerofoil, the larger amounts of lift generated, within limits. Also, nose shape effects help the generation of high lift coefficients. Furthermore, it is important to note that the thinner aerofoil has also stalled significantly harder than the thicker aerofoils. Since stalling is undesirable, perhaps thicker aerofoils would be best for use in the chosen aerofoil. Concentrating on the graphs from a drag point of few, we can again see that thinner aerofoils are undesirable due to the drag they produce/ experience. The sharp rise in drag experienced by the thinner NACA0012 aerofoil is complimentary of the stall it experienced at an angle of attack of 13. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are slight variations in the small angle of attack region with respect to lift and negligible difference in the corresponding drag section. Since a definitive relationship was deduced from the thickness investigation, it was reasonable to continue the designing experiments. Next, the camber thickness was investigated. Figure 13: Lift variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses Figure 14: Drag variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses From the above figures, certain relationships can be deduced between the camber thickness and the effect such parameters have on the lift and drag experienced on the aerofoil. Firstly, lets consider the adverse effects on the lift and drag, shown here by the NACA-2012, whereby the -2 denotes a negative camber. From Figure 13, we can see a significantly lower lift attained flight with an earlier stall, which compliments Figure 14, whereby the drag significantly increases due to the separated flow resulting from the stall. For the other three aerofoils shown, the aerodynamic drag force experienced by each has negligible difference, since all follow the same shape. The differences can more obviously be seen through analysis of Figure 13. Here, we can see the larger the camber, the greater values of lift can be obtained. However, it is important to note that only the NACA4012 aerofoil does not experience a stall. On the other hand, the other two positive aerofoils, while although experiencing a stall, do not stall extremely harshly, and so a stall of this kind, while although not optimal, can be considered negligible in terms of lift generated. The camber position was investigated next Figure 15: Lift variation with angle of attack under different camber positions Figure 16: Drag variation with angle of attack under different camber positions As we can see from the above two figures, the effect of camber position is not as drastic as the other previous analysed parameters. From Figure 15, we can see the highest lift is attained by the NACA4212 aerofoil, although all the aerofoils have the same similar low angle of attack lift generation. It is only towards angles of attack greater than 7 where there is greatest deviation. On the other hand, it can also be seen that the NACA4212 aerofoil, while giving the highest lift value, also stalls. As mentioned before, this is undesirable. From a drag perspective, the NACA4212 aerofoil performs best towards larger angles of attack however performs worst at low angles of attack. Depending on where the greatest emphasis needs to be placed upon the cruise aerofoil conditions, this may be an important factor. Chosen Cruise Aerofoil Since we have analysed the effects of the three different parameters within DESFOIL, we can now evaluate what lift and drag characteristics we want from our chosen aerofoil. Since the actual aerofoil will be 3D, we need to take into consideration 3D effects. For this instance, we are going to assume the 3D coefficient of lift is 90% of the 2D coefficient of lift, namely, (11) One reason there is a decrease in the change from two dimensional to three dimensional bodies is the appearance of an extra plane, i.e. the z plane. Thus, the lift generation needs to distribute the lift over three planes instead of two. Thus resulting in less lift overall. Therefore, we can calculate a coefficient of lift of 0.3167 to be found using DESFOIL. Taking what was found from the above investigation, various NACA aerofoils were tested. The final aerofoil chosen was the NACA2615 aerofoil for reasons clearly shown using Figure 17. Figure 17: NACA2615 aerofoil characteristics From this figure, we can see the optimal design characteristics we want from our cruise aerofoil. These characteristics include a significantly low drag, as compared to the lift generated, which can be seen as a direct result of no stall being present. Furthermore, if we consider the lift we wanted to generate, namely 0.3167, we can see this aerofoil manages to attain such lift at a low angle of attack, something we want from our aerofoil since the quicker the optimal lift can be generated, the quicker the aerofoil will start behaving to optimise its performance. Since this optimal lift is generated at an angle between 1 and 2, the lift: drag ratio was calculated for these two angles. They are 17 and 39 respectively. These high values show the positive performance of our aerofoil in the cruise condition. Loiter Condition As we can see from the previous section, a detailed investigation and analysis was undertaken to establish the best NACA aerofoil for our cruise purposes. If we now go on to consider the loiter condition, there are certain parameters which need to be considered, namely the 2D lift we wish to aim for, at the lowest angle of attack, to find the optimal aerofoil. As shown in the previous section, the thickness, camber and camber position were all varied individually and the resulting effect on the lift and drag analysed. Using Equation 11, we can calculate the required lift (needed to be found in DESFOIL) as 1.11. Firstly, the thickness was adjusted. It was found, just like the cruise condition investigation that an increase in thickness resulted in higher levels of lift being attained. However it was also found that the aerofoils under loiter conditions tend to stall, regardless of thickness. However, the greater the thickness the higher angle of stall. Since all aerofoils tested stalled, the drag associated with each was indicative of this phenomenon. It is also important to note that the aerofoils tested were the NACA0010, NACA0012, NACA0018 and NACA0021. Considering the position of maximum camber next, it was found that the NACA4212 aerofoil stalled significantly earlier than the NACA4012, NA

Factors that Inform Reward Decisions

Factors that Inform Reward Decisions Assess the context of the reward environment and the key perspectives that inform reward decisions. In this section, you should: Use an appropriate analysis tool to identify the internal and external factors. Analyse the impact of business drivers and related factors on reward decisions. Give examples of different ways of gathering and presenting reward intelligence. An Introduction to the Company of B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd B W Plant Hire and Sales Ltd was founded in 1994 by Bill Whitwell; Bill has over 40 years experience in the plant hire industry. His son Will, who is also from a plant hire background, joined him in the business in 1998. The company has grown steadily since then by supplying clients with a service they believe cannot be beaten. B W pride themselves in being readily available for advice and help when problems arise on site. Bill and Will now have in place a management team and workforce that mirrors their values, but still lead from the front line. B W are a plant hire company which hires plant (Excavators, Dumpers, Rollers, trenching) B W have 4 depots across the country Blackburn is head office where it all started, in 2004 B W started Bingley Depot now Keighley Depot, in 2006 B W started Southampton Depot, then in 2012 they bought Northwich Depot B W have been trading over 20 years in which time the company has grown and downsized because of the recession in 2008 now they are growing again. From a personal point I, have been with the company since Jan 2002 when there were on 6 employees they now have 73 employees and 30 subcontractors. Turnover is growing year on year. The purpose and goals of the Company is to make Profit and become one of the largest privately owned (Ltd) plant hire companies in the Northwest of England. The Company offers the service of Plant hire self-drive and operated plant along with sales of plant. The Company`s main customers are Civil Engineers, house builders, councils and general builders. External and Internal Environmental AnalysisThis environmental analysis will provide a complete external environmental image designed to provide B W with the tools needed to identify the Company`s strength and weaknesses. This is including an assessment of the company resources. This analysis will assess the company`s competitive position and possibilities of growth. An explanation of how the external environment affects B W structure and company performance. A PESTLE analysis is a framework used to monitor the external marketing environment of which provides an overview of the main external factors currently having an impact on the Company PESTLE see appendices 1 Auto enrolment the company `s staging date was 1st January 2016. It is a compulsory requirement of all companies to automatically enrol employees who are eligible by 2018 This is a saving scheme for when employee`s retire and has tax relief. Employers must either have one of their own (stakeholder pension) or a government back one or have a specialist pension provider. We have a government backed pension scheme called The Pension People (Thepensionsregulator.gov.uk. (2016). Stakeholder pensions |) This became law in October 2012 by 2018 all employed people should be in a workplace pension. This came about as people are living longer than the 3 score years and ten (70). the retirement age is going to go up between December 2018 and October 2020, the retirement age for both men and women will rise to 66. From 2018 to 2020 the state pension age for both men and women will start rising to 67. The governments pot of National insurance has been depleted so when the younger generation come to retire there will be no monies left in the pot (Social). The government decided to push people into saving for retirement by making it law for companies to compulsory join an auto enrolment scheme where by employee`s put 1% of their annual earning with tax relief and the company pays 1% eventually growing too minimum of 5% (political social and legal). The influence on the company and impact on reward strategy is Bonuses and pay rises have been effected by the company, by not increasing remuneration the 1% the company must pay into the pension scheme is a pay rise to the employee. This in turn also influences company growth as the employer must find this from somewhere i.e. profits (Economic) it is also seen by most companies as another tax but beneficial to the employee. Kiddie vouchers (Social and economic) We as a company have a young workforce at present, to help keep them we have introduced kiddie vouchers. This is a benefit that lets parents make substantial savings against the cost of their childcare. This works by Parents can receive up to  £55pw or  £243pm of childcare vouchers from their employer, free of tax and National Insurance. Compared to receiving earnings as salary or dividends, using childcare vouchers can save parents hundreds of pounds each year. Swapping taxable pay for tax-free childcare vouchers typically saves basic-rate taxpayers up to  £933 a year. At the same time, this simple swap saves employers up to  £402 a year per scheme member in employer National Insurance contributions. The impact on the company and the strategy the company has lower PAYE to pay to the HMRC this also helps the employee as they are not taxed as much. The cost of putting this in place is 2% so the company and the employee win. The employee sees this as an extra reward hopefully it will help to keep them employed with the company. The business SWOT see appendices 2 Mission statement this links in with how the company is driven and reward Mission Statement The aim of B W is to provide a service which goes beyond the expectations of their customers through the exceptional service of the staff accordingly who are highly equipped, motivated, trained and competent. B W support their customers with whatever the application, with market leading products and knowledge. The comprehensive fleet of modern machinery they provide is compliant with up to date legislation and regulations. Vision B W are committed to continually improving and aim to provide their customers with a reliable service. B W`s aim is to always satisfy the demand and become the customers only hire/sales supplier of quality Values The work practices and methods are undertaken and managed safely and cost effectively. B W are seeking to be an excellent employer, service provider, and customer. The directors recognise that B W`s staff are one of the most important assets to the company. To that end the company endeavours to reward staff who perform well and prove to be a good advert for the company. B W expect the best and so should B W`s customers and clients. The values of the company indicate the training and development for all employees, the employees are the most important asset to the company, this can be a motivator to the employees (the company is only as good as its staff) The rewards are a bonus paid half yearly to the senior management team this is if the net profit is over 10% of turnover then 1% of the net profit is divided by 5 (a substantial amount of money). B W pay over the national minimum wage. The employees are based on experience and the value they bring to the company if the company employ a fitter the average wage is  £12.00 per hour, B W start them on  £10.00 with 3 months probation after which time their pay will increase (they need to prove their worth) this is the same for HGV drivers but a different rate. The company also have a depot in Southampton the employees in the south are paid 2% more than in the north as the standard of living is more in the south. The driver of the business is growth while B W are tendering for operated plant they also need skilled plant drivers that hold a CSCS card (Construction Skills Certification Scheme) (legal obligation) this provides proof that the card holder has had training and is qualified to carry out the work intended. this could potentially be a large cost to the company CSCS card holders must complete training every 3 years. This is a reward to the employee the card belongs to the employee and can take it with them if they leave. The demand for plant is high now -the company are investing heavily the latest new kit/ plant to promote growth. B W will procced this way until there is a downturn in the economy. There is a healthy competition around now. B W offer customers the latest kit/plant along with competitive costs and good customer service, so they can plan their work. Theories for reward management see appendices 3 Economic theory, this considers wage rates that are determined by the supply of labour and the demand of this labour from employers, if there is a shortness of labour, there is an increase in wages for that sector A shortage of skills is a source of aggravation to companies and, when acute, it is likely to hinder the quality and quantity of their output. Companies can be accustomed to being limited by their capacity to find buyers for their products, not by their capacity to produce products. When companies have, buyers waiting, but cannot produce enough to satisfy the demand because they cannot recruit sufficient skilled workers, they interpret this as a failure of the skills development system. Skill shortages, the cause can be a general under-investment in skills development; rapid structural changes to be combined with low levels of overall unemployment; a recurrent surge in employment in a part of the economy; and spots of weakness in the training system. Employers could find that they are unable to attract the workers they want because the pay and working conditions on offer are unattractive. The supply of workers with a skill is difficult to measure for several of the following reasons. What is important is not just the number of people, but also the number of hours they are willing to work. While some people work long hours, many others work part-time. Within an occupation, there may be specialised sub-sets of skills or locations having difficulty recruiting, while other areas are not. As noted above, vacancies may go unfilled, not because there is no one available who can do the job, but because the wages and conditions on offer are unattractive. Within every skill group, there is a range of ability-from exceptional to ordinary. This variation in quality is important to employers, but not observable in measures of labour supply. Many people work in jobs that do not directly use their formal qualifications; alternatively, they may be of working age but are not seeking employment. (files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED495918.pdf) B W have a shortage of plant fitters and HGV drivers. Tight Labour market This is an area of economic exchange in which workers seek jobs and employers seek workers. A tight labour market has more jobs than workers. In a loose labour market, has more workers than jobs. While parts of the construction and manufacturing sectors have been suffering from skills shortages leading to recruitment difficulties and higher pay, there is growing evidence that this is becoming a more widespread issue. Institutional theories of reward open system approach to setting wage levels environmental factors influence wage levels employers influence employees attitudes and behaviours by way of offering a wage premium to attract labour. Human capital theory. The workers invest in themselves by education and training. the higher the individual capital the higher the return in terms of pay and the benefits for the company Benchmark The need to benchmark the company`s benefits and allowances against those of other employers could be for several different reasons, from conducting an annual pay review to recruiting to a new position. B W rely on other local plant hire companies for information on the hourly rate of fitters and drivers, this can be an unreliable source. Thus, so by pushing rates up to attract potential employees moving around the industry Examples of different ways of gathering and presenting reward intelligence Exit Interviews this is by having a meeting with the departing employee and HR. the advantages are to establish trends within the company Sample size may be small. Thedisadvantages are the employee may not always give the full and accurate reason why they are leaving. Absence, this monitors sickness absence the advantages are it could highlight problem areas where by an employee feels they do want to come to work, rather than there is actual sickness. Disadvantages. This is not always an indicator of issues as may be seasonal (flu) Recruitment Difficulties, the company can find it difficult to recruit what should be available skills in the market. The advantages are it highlights potential short fall in company reward in comparison with local competitors. The disadvantages are a Poor reward is not the only reason people do not want to work for a company. Attitude Surveys this is normally an annual confidential survey for all employeesAdvantages: this highlights several issues including reward.   It Samples the whole company. It can monitor changes in attitude. The disadvantages are none Retention FiguresData on company leavers the advantages are changes in retention can indicate possible reward issues. The disadvantages are leavers are not always reward related. Salary survey this provides the necessary market data to build competitive pay structures for the company, the two most commonly referenced are: Ensuring the plans are internally equitable, and Ensuring the plans are externally competitive. The advantages are to determine if employees are receiving a fair and competitive wage. The survey output is data on the average or median salary for a specific position, taking into consideration the region, industry, company size, etc. Input data is aggregated directly from an employer or employee these companies are well-established on the market and have already created a reputation. Brands such as PayWell (PricewaterhouseCoopers/PwC), AON Hewitt, Mercer and the Hay Group are recognised by nearly all human resources and remuneration specialists. The disadvantages are Non-current data salary surveys based on data from employers aggregate input information over a matter of months. The standard data aggregation period is 3 to 4 months. Processing follows, which may take another 2 months. Companies may only receive the data they need after a half-year delay. The labour market changes over this time, in times of economic growth, and the data is no longer up-to-date after aggregation, processing and evaluation. (hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm) Internal Business FactorsBy looking at company profit, sales and forecasts, what the business can afford. The advantages are job security keeps the company profitable the disadvantages are poor performance the company may not be able to afford the best candidates for the jobs- (Good work ain`t cheap, cheap work ain`t good). Bibliography http://employee-benefit.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/achieving-aims-reward-management.html. (2016, nov 10). http://employee-benefit.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/achieving-aims-reward-management.html. Retrieved from http://employee-benefit.blogspot.co.uk/2011/06/achieving-aims-reward-management.html http://en.allexperts.com/q/Dealing-Employees-1641/2015/2/wages-salary-administration.htm. (2016, dec 10). http://en.allexperts.com/q/Dealing-Employees-1641/2015/2/wages-salary-administration.htm. 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(2016, oct 30). http://www.cipd.co.uk/nr/rdonlyres/9b0fb658-ebef-43a2-839f-6c7aa5973f9d/0/9781843982272_sc.. Retrieved from http://www.cipd.co.uk/nr/rdonlyres/9b0fb658-ebef-43a2-839f-6c7aa5973f9d/0/9781843982272_sc..: http://www.cipd.co.uk/nr/rdonlyres/9b0fb658-ebef-43a2-839f-6c7aa5973f9d/0/9781843982272_sc.. http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp84.pdf. (2016, oct 16). Retrieved from http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp84.pdf: http://www.employment-studies.co.uk/system/files/resources/files/mp84.pdf http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm. (2016, dec 11). http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm. Retrieved from http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm: http://www.hr-guide.com/Compensation/Salary_Surveys.htm http://www.hrvoice.org/the-role-of-line-managers-in-achieving-a-successful-rewards-program/. (2016, dec 19). http://www.hrvoice.org/the-role-of-line-managers-in-achieving-a-successful-rewards-program/. Retrieved from http://www.hrvoice.org/the-role-of-line-managers-in-achieving-a-successful-rewards-program/ http://www.kiddivouchers.com/. (2016, oct 10). http://www.kiddivouchers.com/. Retrieved from http://www.kiddivouchers.com/: http://www.kiddivouchers.com/ http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html. (2016, oct 16). http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html. Retrieved from http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html: http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/pensions/article-1679780/New-state-pension-age-retire.html http://www2.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D8F8A7DC-D97B-4CE2-84FB-C48516FDB33B/0/SC.pdf. (2016, dec 19). http://www2.cipd.co.uk/NR/rdonlyres/D8F8A7DC-D97B-4CE2-84FB-C48516FDB33B/0/SC.pdf. 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Cuban Race Relations Essay -- Spanish Cuba Cuban Racial Essays

Cuban Race Relations I. Introduction- Retracing a History of Racial Scorn in Cuban Society: The study of race relations in contemporary Cuba indelibly requires an understanding of the dynamic history of race relations in this ethnically pervasive island of the Caribbean. Cuban society, due to its historical antecedents of European colonialism and American imperialism, has traditionally experienced anguished and even tumultuous race relations. Racial disharmony has plagued Cuban society ever since the advent of the Colonial institution of the plantation system. Thus, in order to acquire some understanding of Cuba’s dynamic race relations one must study and investigate the evolution of racial tensions and the quintessential impact that the revolution of 1959 had on Cuba’s social structure. II. The Impact of Spanish Colonialism in Cuba: Legitimizing Racial Schism- The specter of colonial repression, imposed by the institutions of slavery and the plantation system, has incessantly haunted Cuban society, culture, politics, and ideology. The legacies of slavery and the plantation system imposed a structural and systematic practice of racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans, which suppressed any ambition for the pursuit of liberty and equality. Despite Cuba’s abolition of slavery in 1886 and its winning of independence in 1902, Afro-Cubans remained destitute, marginalized, and in the periphery of political autonomy within Cuban society. Thus, the origins of Cuba’s disdainful race relations emerge during the Spanish colonial tenure in Cuba. The era of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba can be characterized by many institutions, such as slavery and the plantation system, which presupposed a notion of ra... ...n and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press: New York.1971), 347. 11. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. "Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba." (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) : p. 43-70.), 55. 12. .Amaro, Nelson and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press: New York.1971), 348. 13. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. "Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba." (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) : p. 43-70.), 55. 14. .Ibid 15. .Ibid 16. .Ibid 17. .Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean: the Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. (Oxford University Press: New York. 1990), 307. 18. .Information taken from the "Afro Cuba Web Page:" http://www.afrocubaweb.com/afrocVoice.htm Cuban Race Relations Essay -- Spanish Cuba Cuban Racial Essays Cuban Race Relations I. Introduction- Retracing a History of Racial Scorn in Cuban Society: The study of race relations in contemporary Cuba indelibly requires an understanding of the dynamic history of race relations in this ethnically pervasive island of the Caribbean. Cuban society, due to its historical antecedents of European colonialism and American imperialism, has traditionally experienced anguished and even tumultuous race relations. Racial disharmony has plagued Cuban society ever since the advent of the Colonial institution of the plantation system. Thus, in order to acquire some understanding of Cuba’s dynamic race relations one must study and investigate the evolution of racial tensions and the quintessential impact that the revolution of 1959 had on Cuba’s social structure. II. The Impact of Spanish Colonialism in Cuba: Legitimizing Racial Schism- The specter of colonial repression, imposed by the institutions of slavery and the plantation system, has incessantly haunted Cuban society, culture, politics, and ideology. The legacies of slavery and the plantation system imposed a structural and systematic practice of racial discrimination against Afro-Cubans, which suppressed any ambition for the pursuit of liberty and equality. Despite Cuba’s abolition of slavery in 1886 and its winning of independence in 1902, Afro-Cubans remained destitute, marginalized, and in the periphery of political autonomy within Cuban society. Thus, the origins of Cuba’s disdainful race relations emerge during the Spanish colonial tenure in Cuba. The era of Spanish colonial rule in Cuba can be characterized by many institutions, such as slavery and the plantation system, which presupposed a notion of ra... ...n and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press: New York.1971), 347. 11. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. "Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba." (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) : p. 43-70.), 55. 12. .Amaro, Nelson and Mesa-Lago, Carmelo. Revolutionary Change in Cuba. Ed. Carmelo Mesa-Lago. (University of Pittsburgh Press: New York.1971), 348. 13. .de la Fuente, Alejandro. "Race, National Discourse, and Politics in Cuba." (Latin American Perspectives v25 (1998) : p. 43-70.), 55. 14. .Ibid 15. .Ibid 16. .Ibid 17. .Knight, Franklin. The Caribbean: the Genesis of a Fragmented Nationalism. (Oxford University Press: New York. 1990), 307. 18. .Information taken from the "Afro Cuba Web Page:" http://www.afrocubaweb.com/afrocVoice.htm